RESUMO O presente trabalho apresenta a primeira descrição citogenética de Steindachneridion doceanum, grande bagre que se encontra atualmente em alto risco de extinção e listado como ameaçado na lista vermelha do Ministério do Meio Ambiente, também sugere relações cariotípicas com outras espécies do mesmo gênero, endêmicas de outras bacias hidrográficas. Os resultados revelaram um número diplóide de 56 cromossomos e o cariótipo composto por 18 elementos metacêntricos, 20 submetacêntricos, 10 subtelocêntricos e 8 acrocêntricos (NF = 104). As marcações AgNORs e CMA3 foram coincidentes ocupando o braço curto de um par de cromossomos acrocêntricos (par 25), em uma constrição secundária. Os genes 5S rDNA foram detectados nos braços curtos de um par subtelocêntrico. A banda C revelou blocos terminais nos braços curtos em vários cromossomos, bem como blocos terminais nas duas extremidades de um par submetacêntrico. A banda C também evidenciou um grande bloco heterocromático na constrição secundária (par 25) coincidente com os sítios AgNORs e as bandas CMA3 positivas. Apesar de S. doceanum representar um táxon endêmico, suas características citogenéticas mostram semelhanças com outras espécies do gênero das quais se encontra geograficamente isolado.

ABSTRACT The present report represents the first cytogenetic description of Steindachneridion doceanum, great catfish which is currently at high extinction risk and it is listed as threatened on the red list of the Brazilian Ministry of the Environment, also are suggested karyotype relationships with other species of the same genus endemic from other river basins. The results revealed a diploid number of 2n = 56 and the karyotype composed of 18 metacentric, 20 submetacentric, 10 subtelocentric and 8 acrocentric chromosomes (NF = 104). The AgNORs and CMA3 signals were coincident in location occupying the short arm of an acrocentric chromosome pair (25th), in a secondary constriction. The 5S rDNA genes were localized on the short arms of one subtelocentric pair. C-banding revealed terminal blocks on the short arms on many chromosomes as well as terminal positive bands at the both ends of a submetacentric pair. C banding also revealed a large heterochromatic block in the secondary constriction (25th) region that was coincident with the AgNORs sites and CMA3+ bright bands. In spite S. doceanum represent an endemic taxon, in spite their geographic isolation their cytogenetic characteristics show similarities with other species of the genus.

Among the CML there is a fraction of cases (5-10%) in which the Philadelphiachromosome (Ph1) originates from variant translocations (Ph1 variant), in which there are autosomes involved other than the classic 9 and 22. Here we report a case of CML where a variant Ph1 chromosome was originated from a complex translocation involving chromosomes 3, 9 and 22 [t(3,9,22)(p21,q34,q11)]. FISH analysis suggests that the mechanism of translocation occurred in a single step. Furthermore, the RT-PCR analysis also showed the presence of the classical molecular rearrangement corresponding to the BCR/ABL1 p210 isoform. The patient showed no significant variations in the parameters of clinical response (hematologic, cytogenetic, and molecular response) from those patients carrying a standard Ph1 chromosome.

En 5-10% de los casos de Leucemia Mieloide Crónica (LMC), el cromosoma Philadelphia (Ph1) se origina como producto de translocaciones variantes (Ph1 variante). Estas últimas involucran otros autosomas además del 9 y 22 clásicamente implicados. Se presenta aquí un caso de LMC cuyo cromosoma Ph1 variante fue originado a partir de una translocación compleja que involucró los cromosomas 3, 9 y 22 [t(3;9;22)(p21,q34;q11)]. El análisis mediante FISH sugiere un mecanismo de formación en una etapa única, mientras el análisis por RT-PCR mostró la presencia del rearreglo molecular BCR/ABL1 correspondiente a la isoforma p210. El paciente no presentó variaciones significativas en los parámetros de respuesta clínica (respuesta hematológica, respuesta citogenética y respuesta molecular) respecto de aquellos pacientes con el Ph1 estándar.

The aim of this work was to characterize the cytogenetic features of the croaker Pachyurus bonariensis (Perciformes, Sciaenidae). Specimens were sampled at three points along the Parana River. Chromosome preparations were obtained by means of cellular suspension from renal tissue. For cytogenetic analysis conventional and differential C and NOR bands staining techniques were applied. We studied 19 individuals of both sexes, from which a diploid number of 48 acrocentric chromosomes was determined (NF=48). There is not evidence of chromosomal sex determination system. NOR banding showed nucleolar organizer regions in pericentromeric regions of a single pair of chromosomes and C banding showed several pericentromeric blocks.

En el presente trabajo se llevo a cabo la primer caracterizacion citogenetica de la corvina Pachyurus bonariensis (Perciformes, Sciaenidae) capturada en tres puntos de muestreo sobre el Rio Parana. Las preparaciones cromosomicas se obtuvieron mediante suspension celular, utilizando tejidos renales y fueron analizadas mediante tecnicas de coloracion convencional y diferenciales (Bandeos C y NOR). Se analizaron 19 ejemplares de ambos sexos a partir de los cuales se pudo determinar un numero cromosomico diploide de 48 cromosomas acrocentricos, sin evidencias de sistemas de determinacion cromosomica del sexo. La tecnica de coloracion argentica mostro regiones organizadoras nucleolares en un solo par de cromosomas y el bandeo C bloques heterocromaticos pericentromericos en varios cromosomas del complemento.

No presente trabalho, Bunocephalus doriae. foi analisado citogeneticamente. O número diploide encontrado foi 2n= 50 compreendendo 6m, 10sm, 6st, and 28a (NF= 72) cromossomos. A ocorrência de um cariótipo assimétrico com um grande número de cromossomos acrocêntricos distingue esta espécie das demais pertencentes à Ordem Siluriformes e foi observada como característica exclusiva a presença do primeiro par subtelocêntrico, sendo o maior do complemento. As NORs detectadas pelo AgNO3 foram observadas na região terminal do braço curto de um par cromossômico subtelocêntrico (par 11), em uma constrição secundária. A heterocromatina, após o bandamento C, foi visualizada em regiões centroméricas de vários cromossomos do complemento. Esta é a primeira descrição citogenética desta espécie e a primeira descrição de um membro da família Aspredinidae.

In this work, Bunocephalus doriae was cytogenetically analyzed. A karyotype with a diploid number of 2n= 50 comprising 6m, 10sm, 6st, and 28a (FN= 72) chromosomes was observed. The occurrence of an asymmetric karyotype with a large number of acrocentric chromosomes distinguishes this species from others the Order Siluriformes. An exclusive character observed is the first pair of subtelocentric as the largest chromosome pair of the complement. NORs detected using AgNO3 were located in the terminal regions, on the short arm of a subtelocentric chromosome pair (pair 11), in a secondary constriction. C-banding revealed heterochromatic centromeric regions on several chromosomes of the complement after C-banding. This is the first cytogenetic description of this species and the first cytogenetic report on a member of the family Aspredinidae.

The B. Sc. in Genetics of the Universidad Nacional de Misiones was created as a degree career in 1975 and is a truly innovative academic offer for the era in which it was conceived. It is also the result of the interaction between people of different countries, sources and training, but with clear vision about the importance of education for development, the need to open new fields of science education. It is also an example of the possibility of articulation and integration in transcendental projects without explicitly intervention of States or Governments.

La Licenciatura en Genética de la Universidad Nacional de Misiones fue creada en 1975 y representa una oferta académica realmente innovadora para la época en que fue concebida. Asimismo, es el fruto de la interacción entre personas de distintos países, orígenes y formación, pero con clara visión acerca de la importancia de la educación para el desarrollo, de la necesidad de abrir nuevos campos de enseñanza de las ciencias. También es un ejemplo de la posibilidad de articulación e integración en la realización de proyectos trascendentes sin la intervención explícita de estados ni gobiernos.

Este estudo apresenta dados cromossômicos de Megalonema platanum do rio Tibagi, Paraná, Brasil e do rio Paraná, Argentina. O número diploide foi igual 54 com composição cariotípica de 24m+16sm+2st+12a em ambas populações. Os sítios AgNORs foram detectados na posição terminal de um par submetacêntrico das duas populações analisadas, coincidindo com constrição secundária no braço curto do par 15. CMA3 e FISH com sonda de DNAr 18S exibiram sinais fluorescentes que correspondem aos sítios AgNORs e à constrição secundária. A presença de um pequeno cromossomo supranumerário acrocêntrico foi observado em M. platanum do rio Tibagi, com heterocromatina centromérica. Outros blocos heterocromáticos foram evidenciados na posição terminal de alguns cromossomos e um par cromossômico submetacêntrico grande, provavelmente o primeiro par, mostrou heterocromatina intersticial. Na população do rio Paraná foram observados ainda blocos heterocromáticos em ambas regiões terminais em alguns cromossomos. Este trabalho mostra pela primeira vez dados citogenéticos de M. platanum, que é uma espécie muito rara na bacia do rio Paraná e pode estar ameaçada de extinção.

This study presents chromosomal data of Megalonema platanum from rio Tibagi, Paraná, Brazil and from rio Paraná, Argentina. The diploid number was equal 54 with karyotype composition of 24m+16sm+2st+12a in both populations. The AgNOR sites were detected in the terminal position of a submetacentric pair of the two analyzed populations, coinciding with secondary constrictions on the short arm of pair 15. CMA3 and FISH with 18S rDNA probe displayed fluorescent signals that correspond to the AgNOR sites and secondary constriction. The presence of a small acrocentric supernumerary chromosome can be observed in M. platanum from rio Tibagi, with centromeric heterochromatin. Others heterochromatic blocks were evidenced in the terminal position of some chromosome and one metacentric large chromosome pair, probably the first pair, showed an interstitial heterochromatin. In the population of the rio Paraná were still observed heterochromatic blocks in both ends in some chromosomes. This work brings for the first time cytogenetic date of M. platanum, which is a very rare species in the rio Paraná basin and may be endangered.

Nas últimas décadas tem ocorrido no Brasil um incremento de estudos cariotípicos em peixes marinhos. Atualmente são conhecidos os cariótipos de 118 espécies, distribuídas em 43 famílias e 80 gêneros. Foram estudadas cinco espécies de peixes marinhos do complexo estuarino da Baía de Paranaguá na costa brasileira. Eucinostomus argenteus e Diapterus rhombeus (Gerreidae), apresentaram 48 cromossomos todos acrocêntricos (NF = 48); Strongylura timucu e S. marina (Belonidae) apresentaram 48 cromossomos, porém com complexidade cariotípica maior do que apresentada pelos gerreídeos, 10M+2SM+36A (NF = 60) e 4M+44A (NF = 52), respectivamente. A quinta espécie, Mugil curema (Mugilidae), ao contrário das outras quatro espécies aqui analisadas, apresentou apenas 28 cromossomos 20M+4ST+4A (NF = 48). Apesar da tendência em se verificar um cariótipo constituído por 48 cromossomos em teleósteos marinhos, as espécies aqui analisadas apresentam uma diversidade para a macroestrutura cariotípica a ser considerada para a citotaxonomia e evolução desse grupo de vertebrados.

In this study, five species of marine fishes from the Paranaguá Bay in the Brazilian coast were evaluated. Eucinostomus argenteus and Diapterus rhombeus (Gerreidae) presented 48 chromosomes, all of which more acrocentric (FN = 48); Strongylura timucu and S. marina (Belonidae) also presented 48 chromosomes, but with a higher karyotypic complexity than the Gerreidae, 10M+2SM+36A (FN = 60) and 4M+44A (FN = 52), respectively. The fifth species, Mugil curema (Mugilidae), different than the others, presented only 28 chromosomes 20M+4ST+4A (FN = 48). The species presented diversity in the karyotypic macro-structure, which should be relevant for the cytotaxonomy and the evolution of this group of the vertebrate.

High concentrations of xenobiotics from urban and industrial wastes have contributed to the contamination of many aquatic environments. We used the comet assay to evaluate the genotoxic potential of water collected from the River Paraná, which receives a great deal of waste, at three points (Puerto Piray, Eldorado and Montecarlo) in the Misiones Province of Argentina. The in vivo comet assay used 40 freshwater clams (Corbicula fluminea) while the in vitro comet assay used Chinese hamster (Cricetulus griseus) K1 cell (CHO-K1) cultures with the mutagen ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) as the positive control and phosphate buffered saline (PBS) as the negative control. Both assays showed statistically significant differences between the three sampling sites in relation to the negative control, the results of this preliminary study indicating that at these three sites water from the Paraná River presents genotoxic potential.

Chromosomal analyses were performed in the fish Astyanax sp.D collected from three different points: two streams from the right bank and one from the left bank of the Upper Iguaçu River, Paraná State, Brazil. The individuals from all localities possess 2n = 50 chromosomes and a FN = 84 (4m+24sm+6st+16a). The C-banding pattern was similar in all populations. However, within each population, an interindividual variation concerning the number and localization of heterochromatic bands was observed. Some of these variations were quantified in each population, and the results indicate that the samples were not different when studying the variable frequencies. Considering that Astyanax sp.D is typical in the headwaters of the Iguaçu River, these results were not expected. The data indicate that gene flow is occurring and that the Iguaçu River is not an ecological barrier among the Astyanax sp. D populations.

Análises citogenéticas em Astyanax sp. D evidenciaram 2n=50 cromossomos e um cariótipo com 2M+26SM+6ST+16A. O bandamento C destacou as regiões teloméricas de diversos cromossomos SM-ST-A. Dois pares de cromossomos acrocêntricos possuem heterocromatina intersticial, sendo este estado polimórfico decorrente de prováveis inversões paracêntricas. O resultados obtidos com a enzima de restrição AluI e a Cromomicina A3 foram semelhantes aos do bandamento C. São propostas relações de parentesco entre Astyanax sp. D e Astyanax scabripinnis, bem como considerações sobre a possível origem do exemplar triplóide (2n=3x=75). Ao comparar os resultados deste trabalho com outras espécies de Astyanax do Rio Iguaçu, estas espécies se tornam claramente distinguíveis, evidenciando a citogenética como uma importante ferramenta taxonômica.

Cytogenetic analysis with Astyanax sp. D revealed a karyotype of 2n=50 with 2M+26SM+6ST+16A, besides a triploid specimen showing 2n=75 chromosomes (3M+39SM+9ST+24A). C-banding strongly stained the terminal regions of several SM-ST-A chromossomes. Two pairs of acrocentric chromosomes presented interstitial heterochromatin, this state being polymorphic and occuring due to possible paracentric inversions. The results obtained with the AluI restriction enzyme and A3 chromomycin were similar to the C-banding. Relationships were proposed between Astyanax sp. D and A. scabripinnis, as well as considerations for a possible origin of the triploid specimen (2n=3x=75). When comparing the present results with cytogenetic features of other endemic Astyanax species in the Iguaçu river (A. sp. B and C), a clear differentiation was observed between them, indicating cytogenetics as an important cytotaxonomic tool.

We present the karyotypic characterization of 26 specimens of the side-necked turtle Hydromedusa tectifera collected in the upper Iguaçu River, Paraná state, Brazil. The turtles were cytogenetically analyzed using Giemsa staining and other banding techniques (C, G, Ag-NOR and CMA3) as well as fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with a rDNA 18S probe. All the specimens showed a diploid number of 58 composed of 22 macro and 36 microchromosomes. The Ag-NOR, CMA3 and FISH techniques permitted the identification and characterization of the chromosome pairs bearing nucleolus organizer regions (NORs), while G-banding facilitated a better recognition and pairing of macrochromosomes. These data agree with some information available in the literature and should be very useful for further cytotaxonomic and cytosystematic studies.

Os cariótipos de M. curema do Golfo do México e do Brasil possuem 2n=28 cromossomos e NF=48. Espécimes da Venezuela, entretanto, apresentam um número diplóide de 28 cromossomos e um NF conservado (48). Apesar desta variação sugerir, a princípio, uma variabilidade intraespecífica (interpopulacional), a possibilidade de estarmos perante diferentes espécies foi investigada. O presente trabalho re-analisa os cariótipos de M. curema da Venezuela e do Brasil, incluindo novos dados sobre bandamento C e localização das NORs e compara caracteres merísticos e morfométricos de amostras de ambas as localidades. Assim, junto com o número cromossômico, a heterocromatina constitutiva e a distribuição das NORs trazem outras diferenças entre M. curema Citótipo 1 (2n=48, FN=48) e Citótipo 2 (2n=48, FN=48). Além disso, as comparações dos caracteres morfológicos revelam diferenças nas contagens, com 35 escamas na linha média do corpo e 15 raios nas nadadeiras peitorais nos espécimes com cariótipo 2n=28, já o cariótipo 2n=24 apresenta 37-39 escamas e 17 raios nas peitorais. Essas diferenças sugerem que ambos citótipos não estão relacionados meramente a variações geográficas politípicas mas que podem corresponder a diferentes espécies.

Karyotype of M. curema from the Gulf of Mexico and Brazil have been reported as possessing chromosome complement with 2n=28 and FN=48, whereas specimens from Venezuela has been reported as possessing a diploid number 2n=24 and a conserved FN (48). Although at first sight this variation suggests the presence of a chromosomal intraspecific (interpopulational) variability, the possibility that we are dealing with two different species was examined. This work revisit the karyotypes of M. curema from Venezuela and Brazil, including new data on C-banding, and NOR localization, and compares morphologic characteristics of samples from both localities. Thus, besides diploid number, the constitutive heterochromatin distribution and NORs location, mark other differences between M. curema Cytotype 1 (2n=28; FN=48) and Cytotype 2 (2n=24; NF=48). Moreover, morphologic comparison revealed differences in the scale counts and pectoral fin rays: 35 scales in the middle body line and 15 pectoral fin rays in specimens possessing the karyotype 2n=28, compared with 37-39 scales in the middle body line and 17 pectoral fin rays in specimens with the karyotype 2n=24. These differences lead us to suggest that both cytotypes are not related merely to geographic polytipic variations but could correspond to different species.

The effects of clastogenic or mutagenic agents have rarely been studied in neotropical fish species exposed to contaminated water. In this study, the genetic damage caused by lead in the widely distributed South American fish, Hoplias malabaricus, was assessed using the comet (SCGE) assay and by testing for chromosomal aberrations. Eighteen specimens were acclimatized to laboratory conditions and then chronically exposed to contaminated food by feeding prey (Cyprinus sp.) injected intraperitoneally with doses of inorganic lead adjusted to give a contamination level of 21 mg of Pb2+.g-1 net weight of H. malabaricus. Three fish were sampled for chromosomal analysis after four doses (18 days) and another three after eight doses (41 days) of lead and the results then compared with three untreated controls kept under lead-free conditions. An additional six treated fish and three controls were sampled for the comet assay after 13 doses (64 days). Exposure to lead significantly increased the frequency of chromosomal aberrations and the frequency of tailed cell nuclei, the latter indicating DNA damage. These results show that H. malabaricus is a useful biological model for screening the clastogenic effects of lead and possibly other xenobiotics. The genetic damage seen here illustrates the need to investigate the potential effects of heavy metals on fish species in South America.

Genotoxicity studies on toxic metals and their organic compounds are very important, especially so in the investigation of the effects of these compounds on the aquatic environments where they tend to accumulate. The use of endemic aquatic organisms as biological sentinels has proved useful to environmental monitoring. We assessed the mutagenic potential of tributyltin (TBT) and inorganic lead (PbII) using samples of the fish Hoplias malabaricus (commonly called traíra) using the comet assay and the piscine micronucleus and chromosome aberration tests. Eighteen H. malabaricus were acclimatized in three individual aquariums, each containing six fish, six fish being exposed to 0.3 mg/g of body weight (bw) of TBT, six to 21 mg/g bw of PbII and six being used as controls. Exposure to TBT and PbII was achieved by feeding the fish every five days with Astyanax (a small fish that is part of the normal diet of H. malabaricus) which had been injected with solutions of TBT, PbII or with water (the control group). After two months the H. malabaricus were sacrificed and their peripheral blood collected and subjected to the comet and micronucleus assays, the chromosome aberration assay being conducted using kidney-tissue. Although the comet assay showed now mutagenic effects at the lead concentrations used but encountered results with TBT, the micronucleus and chromosome aberrations assays both indicated that TBT and PbII are potentially mutagenic (p < 0.01), the micronucleus assay showing morphological alterations of the nucleus.